Currently, the LoRaWAN network is actively developing in the Republic of Uzbekistan and other countries, which is one of the areas of LPWAN technology used in various fields of activity to transmit small amounts of data over long distances. This technology is one of the promising wireless technologies in the modern "Internet of Things" (IoT) market.
In January 2015, the non-profit organization LoRaAlliance was established to adopt and promote the LoRaWAN protocol as a unified standard for low-power global networks (LPWAN - from English Low Power Wide Area Network). LoRaAlliance includes software, microelectronics, communication operators, and others, such as: IBM, Semtech, Cisco, Inmarsat, Swisscom, and others. The system operates in the subgigahertz frequency range: 169, 433, and 915 MHz in the US, and 868 MHz in Europe. LoRa (Long Range) modulation technology represents a modulation method that provides a significantly longer communication range (coverage area) compared to other competing methods. The method is based on extended spectrum modulation technology and linear frequency modulation variation (Chirp Spread Spectrum, CSS) with integrated direct error correction (Forward Error Correction, FEC).
Выбор скорости передачи данных - это компромисс между зоной покрытия и объемом данных, сообщения с разными скоростями передачи данных не мешают друг другу. Скорость передачи данных LoRa находится в диапазоне от 0,3 до 50 кбит/с. Узлам сети характерны низкое энергопотребление, т.е. до 10 лет работы от обычных батарей АА, невысокая скорость обмена данными, большая дальность связи (15 км в сельской местности и 5 км в плотной городской застройке) и низкая стоимость оконечного оборудования. На рисунке рассмотрена архитектура LoRaWAN сетей. Классическая сеть LoRaWAN состоит из следующих элементов: конечные узлы, шлюзы, сервер сети и сервер приложений.
A device that receives data from end devices (meters, sensors) using a radio channel and transmits it to a transit network - LoRa Gateway (Gateway/Concentrator, base station). Ethernet, WiFi, cellular networks, and any other telecommunication channels can act as transit networks.
The gateway and terminal devices form a network topology of the "star" type. Often, this device contains multi-channel receivers for processing signals in multiple channels simultaneously or even multiple signals in a single channel.
Accordingly, several such devices provide a network coverage area and transparent two-way data transmission between terminal nodes and the server. The Network Server is designed to manage the network: setting a schedule, adapting the speed, storing, and processing the received data. The application server (Application Server) can remotely monitor the operation of end nodes and collect necessary data from them.
In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the procedure for issuing permits is regulated by the Decision of the Republican Council on Radio Frequencies No. 521 dated December 30, 2019 "On the allocation of radio frequencies for narrowband technologies used in communication networks for the collection and processing of information in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan." According to this decision, 863-870 MHz and 922-928 MHz radio frequency bands were allocated on a secondary basis for the import, implementation, and use of LPWAN technology equipment with output power up to 25 mW.
In the Republic of Uzbekistan, since 2020, an energy-efficient LPWAN network system based on LoRaWAN technologies has been actively implemented, covering all private and apartment buildings, buildings, and urban areas in the city of Tashkent, other cities, and facilities of large industrial and mining enterprises.
LoRaWAN technology is one of the promising wireless technologies in the modern "Internet of Things" market, which carries out data transmission over long distances up to 15 km at speeds up to 50 kbit/s, and also has minimal power consumption that ensures several years of autonomous operation on a single battery.
